Journal: The Korean Journal of Pain

Article Title: IL-27-Ucp2-FoxO3 axis mediating the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages and ameliorating inflammatory pain

doi: 10.3344/kjp.25307

Figure Lengend Snippet: Establishing an Inflammatory pain model and assessing the expression profiles of IL-27. (A) Course of mechanical hyperalgesia in the mouse pain model (n = 5), two-way ANOVA tested P values ( vs. NC) with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. (B–G) The dynamic concentration of IL-27 (IL-27p28 and Ebi3) in the brain, spinal cord (L3–L5), spleen, ipsilateral and contralateral DRG (tested by qPCR), and the ELISA method to measure IL-27p28 in the serum. N = 4, GAPDH was used as an internal reference. (H, I) The mRNA level of Wsx-1 in the spinal cord (L3–L5) and ipsilateral DRG tissues. N = 4, GAPDH was used as an internal reference. (J, K) The mRNA level of IL-12p35 (IL-35) in the spinal cord (L3–L5) and ipsilateral DRG tissues. N = 4, GAPDH was used as an internal reference. The P value ( vs. NC) was measured using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. Data are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean. IL: interleukin, Ebi3: Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 protein, Ips-DRG: ipsilateral-dorsal root ganglion, qPCR: quantitative PCR, λ-carr: λ-carrageenan.

Article Snippet: The forced elevation of IL-27 concentration in the mice was obtained by i.v. injection of recombinant mouse IL-27 cytokine (rIL-27, MCE) ( ).

Techniques: Expressing, Concentration Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Virus, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: The Korean Journal of Pain

Article Title: IL-27-Ucp2-FoxO3 axis mediating the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages and ameliorating inflammatory pain

doi: 10.3344/kjp.25307

Figure Lengend Snippet: The identification of the source of IL-27. (A–D) The intracellular co-label staining by flow cytometry was applied to determine the source of IL-27. The four APCs were labeled by dendritic cell (CD11b, CD11c, B), neutrophil (CD11b, Ly6G, C), monocyte (CD11b, Ly6C, A), and macrophage (CD11b, F4/80, D), respectively. IL-27p28 antibody labeled the IL-27. The results indicated that neutrophil/monocyte-derived IL-27 was highly expressed in serum and spleen. IL: interleukin, APCs: antigen-presenting cells, SSC-A: side scatter area.

Article Snippet: The forced elevation of IL-27 concentration in the mice was obtained by i.v. injection of recombinant mouse IL-27 cytokine (rIL-27, MCE) ( ).

Techniques: Staining, Flow Cytometry, Labeling, Derivative Assay

Journal: The Korean Journal of Pain

Article Title: IL-27-Ucp2-FoxO3 axis mediating the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages and ameliorating inflammatory pain

doi: 10.3344/kjp.25307

Figure Lengend Snippet: The source of IL-27 in the spinal cord is microglia. (A, B) The cultured primary microglia secret loads of IL-27 in response to LPS (100 ng/mL) insult for 12 hours, while cultured primary astrocytes released minimal IL-27 in the same condition (n = 3). (C, D) IFN-γ-stimulated (20 ng/mL) primary microglia were the main source of IL-27, compared with the astrocytes group (n = 3), which suggests IL-27 was primarily secreted from microglia in the spinal cord. IL: interleukin, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, IFN: interferon.

Article Snippet: The forced elevation of IL-27 concentration in the mice was obtained by i.v. injection of recombinant mouse IL-27 cytokine (rIL-27, MCE) ( ).

Techniques: Cell Culture

Journal: The Korean Journal of Pain

Article Title: IL-27-Ucp2-FoxO3 axis mediating the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages and ameliorating inflammatory pain

doi: 10.3344/kjp.25307

Figure Lengend Snippet: The knockdown of IL-27 intensified mechanical allodynia in mouse pain models. (A) Schematic diagram showing construction of pAAV2/9-U6-shRNA (IL-27p28)-CMV-EGFP vector. (B) The Sh-1 presents the most effective knockdown of IL-27 at the mRNA level in mouse DRG (L3–L5) tissue and was selected for use in the next operation (n = 3). One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was applied. (C) The experiment procedures for i.t. injection of pAAV2/9-U6-shRNA (IL-27p28) to knock down IL-27 and behavior test in mice. (D) The timelines of mechanical hyperalgesia in WT, λ-carr, and sh-IL-27 mice after tail-vein injection of recombination mouse IL-27 in a hind paw (n = 5). P values ( vs. λ-carr) were tested by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (E, F) The timelines of mechanical hyperalgesia in mice with WT, sh-IL-27, IL-27 forced expression (IL-27 FE)-treated groups. Mice received the rIL-27 agent (100 ng/kg) at the indicated time (n = 5). P values ( vs. λ-carr) were tested by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. Data are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean. IL: interleukin, DRG: dorsal root ganglion, i.t.: intrathecal injection, WT: wild type, λ-carr: λ-carrageenan.

Article Snippet: The forced elevation of IL-27 concentration in the mice was obtained by i.v. injection of recombinant mouse IL-27 cytokine (rIL-27, MCE) ( ).

Techniques: Knockdown, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation, Injection, Expressing

Journal: The Korean Journal of Pain

Article Title: IL-27-Ucp2-FoxO3 axis mediating the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages and ameliorating inflammatory pain

doi: 10.3344/kjp.25307

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-27 induces the differentiation of AAM. (A) The picture shows the procedures of this part. (B–D) Quantitative real-time mRNA levels of M2 indicators, including Arg-1 (B), Chi3l3 (C), Retnla (D), when BMDMs were exposed to IL-27 (100 ng/mL for 24 hours) and IL-4 (20 ng/mL for 24 hours) (n = 3). GAPDH was regarded as a reference. The P value was compared with the IL-27-and IL-4-treated group, using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (E–G) qRT-PCR levels of M1 indicators, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, when BMDMs were exposed to LPS (20 ng/mL for 24 hours), IL-27 (100 ng/mL for 24 hours), or LPS (20 ng/mL for 24 hours) + IFN-γ (20 ng/mL for 24 hours) (n = 3). (H, I) IL-27 (H) and IL-4 (I) promote the expression of Arg-1 at the protein level in BMDM with different patterns (n = 3). GAPDH was regarded as a reference. The P value was compared with the NC groups, using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett post-test. (J) IL-27 has no significant impact on the expression of Arg-1 when IL-27 stimulates microglia in vitro , which indicates that IL-27 doesn’t induce the phenotype switch of microglia (n = 3). ACTB was regarded as a reference. The P value was compared with the NC groups, using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett post-test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. Data are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean. IL: interleukin, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, IFN: interferon, TNF: tumor necrosis factor, AAM: alternatively activated macrophage, BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage.

Article Snippet: The forced elevation of IL-27 concentration in the mice was obtained by i.v. injection of recombinant mouse IL-27 cytokine (rIL-27, MCE) ( ).

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, In Vitro, Derivative Assay

Journal: The Korean Journal of Pain

Article Title: IL-27-Ucp2-FoxO3 axis mediating the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages and ameliorating inflammatory pain

doi: 10.3344/kjp.25307

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-27 distinctly induces the polarization of AAM from IL-4. (A) The picture of the study pipeline in this part. (B, C, E) Bulk RNA-seq comparing the BMDM treated by NC, IL-27 (100 ng/mL for 12 hours), and IL-4 (20 ng/mL for 24 hours). Data containing the heatmap presenting differential gene expression (B), PCA (C), and a Venn plot to show the shared and non-shared DEGs (E). (D) The knockdown effect of the three candidates’ siRNA was targeted at Wsx-1 at the protein level (GAPDH as a reference). (F) The decreased expression of Arg-1 in the si-Wsx-1 group when BMDM was insulted by IL-27, compared to the IL-4-treated and WT group (n = 3). β-actin as internal reference, P values (WT vs. si-Wsx-1 specifically under IL-27 stimulation) were tested by two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test. (G) The mRNA of Arg-1 was inhibited in the IL-27-si-Wsx-1 group, compared to the IL-4-treated and WT group (n = 4). GAPDH was regarded as a reference. (H, I) Compared to the WT and NC groups, the expression level of Chi3l3 induced by IL-27 decreased after si-Wsx-1 treatment (H), whereas the IL-4-treated group (I) remained unaffected (n = 4). The P values (si-Wsx-1 vs. WT in NC/IL-27/IL-4 treatment) were tested by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, n = 4, GAPDH as internal reference. *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. Data are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean. IL: interleukin, AAM: alternatively activated macrophage, BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage, PCA: principal component analysis, DEGs: differential expression analysis of genes, WT: wild type.

Article Snippet: The forced elevation of IL-27 concentration in the mice was obtained by i.v. injection of recombinant mouse IL-27 cytokine (rIL-27, MCE) ( ).

Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Gene Expression, Knockdown, Expressing, Derivative Assay, Quantitative Proteomics

Journal: The Korean Journal of Pain

Article Title: IL-27-Ucp2-FoxO3 axis mediating the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages and ameliorating inflammatory pain

doi: 10.3344/kjp.25307

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-27-Ucp2 signaling pathway mediates AAM. (A) The schematic illustration of this part. GNP: Genipin explicitly inhibits the protein function of Ucp2. (B) ECAR of glycolysis stress test of BMDMs, either NC or treated with IL-27 (100 ng/mL for 6 hours). (C) The Glycolytic capacity was compared with the NC and IL-27-stimulated group (n = 3), and an unpaired, two-tailed t -test was used. (D) OCR of Mito Stress Test of BMDM either NC or treated with IL-27 (100 ng/mL for 6 hours), n = 3. (E) Proton leak measured from Mito Stress Test of BMDM either NC or treated with IL-27 (100 ng/mL for 6 hours) and IL-4 (20 ng/mL for 6 hours), n = 3, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett post-test. (F) OCR of BMDM in IL-27 (100 ng/mL for 6 hours) and IL-4 (20 ng/mL for 6 hours)-treated group. (G) The mRNA analysis of Ucp proteins. GAPDH was used as a reference, n = 4, and a unpaired, two-tailed t -test was used. (H) The mRNA level of Ucp2 was dampened in the si-Wsx-1 group when treated with IL-27, GAPDH was used as a reference, and n = 4, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (I) OCR of BMDMs either NC or treated with IL-27 (100 ng/mL for 6 hours) and GNP (100 mM for 12 hours). (J) Proton leak measured from Mito Stress Test of BMDM either NC or treated with IL-27 (100 ng/mL for 6 hours) and GNP (100 mM for 12 hours), n = 3, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (K) Compared with the WT group, si-Ucp2 hampered the IL-27-induced Arg-1 expression at the mRNA level. N = 4, The P values (si-Wsx-1 vs. WT in NC/IL-27/IL-4 treatment) were tested by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, n = 4, GAPDH as internal reference. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, **** P < 0.0001, ns: not significant. Data are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean. IL: interleukin, Ucp2: uncoupling protein 2, AAM: alternatively activated macrophage, ECAR: extracellular acidification rate, BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage, OCR: oxygen consumption rate, WT: wild type.

Article Snippet: The forced elevation of IL-27 concentration in the mice was obtained by i.v. injection of recombinant mouse IL-27 cytokine (rIL-27, MCE) ( ).

Techniques: Two Tailed Test, Expressing, Derivative Assay

Journal: The Korean Journal of Pain

Article Title: IL-27-Ucp2-FoxO3 axis mediating the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages and ameliorating inflammatory pain

doi: 10.3344/kjp.25307

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-27-Ucp2-mediated AAM and a subsequent activation of the transcription factor FoxO3. (A) A diagram of the experimental process of this section. (B) Volcano plot analysis of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) comparing IL-27 vs. NC, IL-27 vs. si-Ucp2, and IL-27 vs. GNP-treated groups. The marked Acod1 was indicated. (C) IL-27 induced a higher expression of Irg1 in BMDM, n = 3, GAPDH was used as a reference, and an unpaired two-tailed t -test was applied. (D) Compared to the WT group, IL-27-induced Arg-1 expression was inhibited in the si-Irg1 treated group. GAPDH was used as a reference, n = 3; the P values (si-Irg1 vs. WT in NC/IL-27/IL-4 treatment) were tested by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (E) Transcription factor (TF) prediction for both DEGs and DEPs induced by IL-27-stimulated BMDM. (F) The binding motif of FoxO3 predicted by the JASPAR platform. (G) The mRNA level of FoxO3 in BMDM with either NC, IL-27 (100 ng/mL), and IL-4 (20 ng/mL) treatment. N = 4, GAPDH was used as a reference, and an unpaired two-tailed t -test was applied. (H) Compared to the WT group, IL-27-induced FoxO3 expression was inhibited in si-Irg1/si-Ucp2/GNP-treated group. GAPDH was used as a reference, n = 4; two-way ANOVA tested the P values with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. Data are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean. IL: interleukin, Ucp2: uncoupling protein 2, AAM: alternatively activated macrophage, GNP: Genipin explicitly inhibits the protein function of Ucp2, BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage, WT: wild type, DEGs: differential expression analysis of genes.

Article Snippet: The forced elevation of IL-27 concentration in the mice was obtained by i.v. injection of recombinant mouse IL-27 cytokine (rIL-27, MCE) ( ).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Two Tailed Test, Binding Assay, Derivative Assay, Quantitative Proteomics

Journal: The Korean Journal of Pain

Article Title: IL-27-Ucp2-FoxO3 axis mediating the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages and ameliorating inflammatory pain

doi: 10.3344/kjp.25307

Figure Lengend Snippet: FoxO3 controls IL-27-induced AAM differentiation and mitigates inflammatory pain in mice. (A) Immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy of FoxO3 in the nucleus of BMDMs upon stimulation with either NC, IL-27 (100 ng/mL for 12 hours), and IL-4 (20 ng/mL for 24 hours). n = 3, The scale bar indicates 1cm, and (B) the P values were tested by a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (C) By comparing the knockdown efficiencies of three candidate siRNAs targeting FoxO3, Si#1 was identified as the most effective and will use it in subsequent experiments. GAPDH was used as a reference, n = 3, and the P values ( vs. NC) were tested by a one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test. (D) Compared to the FoxO3 mRNA in WT and/or si-Fxox3-treated BMDM in response to IL-27 (100 ng/mL for 12 hours) and IL-4 (20 ng/mL for 24 hours) treatment. GAPDH was used as a reference, n = 4, and the P values (si-FoxO3 vs. WT in NC/IL-27/IL-4 treatment) were tested by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (E–G) Three M2 markers (Arg-1, Chi3l3, Retnla) were assessed by qPCR (E) and ELISA methods (F, G) in WT and/or si-Fxox3-treated BMDM in response to IL-27 (100 ng/mL for 12 hours) and IL-4 (20 ng/mL for 24 hours) treatment. GAPDH was used as a reference, n = 3, and the P values (si-FoxO3 vs. WT in NC/IL-27/IL-4 treatment) were tested by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (H) Flowchart of the experimental process of the adoptive transfer strategy. (I, J) Course of mechanical hyperalgesia in mice with five different intervention groups. (I) The BMDM transfer time was indicated, n = 5, and P values (M vs. MSF3) were tested by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. (J) The results of IL-27M-IL-27MSF3 groups. N = 5, and P values (IL-27M vs. IL-27MSF3) were tested by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, ns: not significant. Data are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean. FoxO3: forkhead box class O3, IL: interleukin, Ucp2: uncoupling protein 2, AAM: alternatively activated macrophage, BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage, WT: wild type, M: macrophages, MSF3: macrophage + si-FoxO3, IL-27M: IL-27-primed macrophage, IL-27MSF3: IL-27-primed macrophage+si-FoxO3.

Article Snippet: The forced elevation of IL-27 concentration in the mice was obtained by i.v. injection of recombinant mouse IL-27 cytokine (rIL-27, MCE) ( ).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Microscopy, Knockdown, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Adoptive Transfer Assay, Derivative Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: ER Stress-Induced β-Cell Apoptosis is Linked to Novel Select Lipid Signaling at the Transcriptional Level: Implications in T1D Developmen t

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.02.708596

Figure Lengend Snippet: MIN-6 β-cells were treated with cytokines, as in and in the absence or presence of P BA, BA Y 11, or A ZD for 16h. Cytosols were then prepared and processed for immunoblotting analyses for p65-NFκb, iPLA β, pSTAT1, pPERK, and CHOP. (Cytokine groups significantly different from corresponding DMSO groups, a p < 0.0001 and b p = 0.0003; c,d,*,e Cytokine + intervention groups significantly different from corresponding cytokine groups, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05 (1-tailed), and p < 0.005, respectively.

Article Snippet: Cells were treated with DMSO or cytokines (50 U/ml IL-1β + 150 U/ml IFNγ) (401-ML and 485-MI; R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and processed for immunoblotting, TUNEL, ChIP, and lipidomics analyses.

Techniques: Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: ER Stress-Induced β-Cell Apoptosis is Linked to Novel Select Lipid Signaling at the Transcriptional Level: Implications in T1D Developmen t

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.02.708596

Figure Lengend Snippet: MIN-6 β-cells were treated with D MSO or cytokines for 24h, as in , in the absence or presence of D MSO, P BA, S -BEL, F KGK18, R -BEL, C ay10502, scr ambled RNA, or si RNA targeting Pla2g6 . Cytosols were then prepared and processed for immunoblotting analyses for p65-NFκB, iPLA 2 β, pSTAT1, pPERK, and CHOP, and IκBα immunoblotting analyses. (Significance differences are presented as inserts.)

Article Snippet: Cells were treated with DMSO or cytokines (50 U/ml IL-1β + 150 U/ml IFNγ) (401-ML and 485-MI; R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and processed for immunoblotting, TUNEL, ChIP, and lipidomics analyses.

Techniques: Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: ER Stress-Induced β-Cell Apoptosis is Linked to Novel Select Lipid Signaling at the Transcriptional Level: Implications in T1D Developmen t

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.02.708596

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. MIN6 β-cells were pretreated with S -B EL (1 µM), FK GK18 (5 x 10 -8 M), R -B EL (1 µM), or Cay10502 (10 µM) for 1h or transfected with scr ambled or siRNA targeting Pla2g6 and then treated with D MSO or c ytokines (50 U/ml IL-1β + 150 U/ml IFNγ) for 24h and processed for TUNEL analyses. Data are means±SEMs of % apoptotic cells, relative to total cells. ( a Cytokine group significantly different from DMSO group, p<0.0001; b,c,d,e,f,g,h Cytokine group significantly different from cytokines + inhibitor or siRNA groups: p=0.0001, p=0.0002, p=0.0228, p=0.0007, p=0.0010, p=0.0004, p=0.0001, respectively.

Article Snippet: Cells were treated with DMSO or cytokines (50 U/ml IL-1β + 150 U/ml IFNγ) (401-ML and 485-MI; R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and processed for immunoblotting, TUNEL, ChIP, and lipidomics analyses.

Techniques: Transfection, TUNEL Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: ER Stress-Induced β-Cell Apoptosis is Linked to Novel Select Lipid Signaling at the Transcriptional Level: Implications in T1D Developmen t

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.02.708596

Figure Lengend Snippet: Human islets (500/condition) were treated with cytokines (100 U/ml IL-1β + 300 U/ml IFNγ) for 2-36h. In some replicates, at peak response times, cytokines + S -BEL groups were added. A. PGE 2 . B. PGF 2 α. C. 8-Iso-PGF 2 α. (Insets, *,† significantly different from DMSO group, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively, n=10-18. *CTK+ S -BEL group significantly different from CTK group, p < 0.05, n values indicated above the bars.)

Article Snippet: Cells were treated with DMSO or cytokines (50 U/ml IL-1β + 150 U/ml IFNγ) (401-ML and 485-MI; R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and processed for immunoblotting, TUNEL, ChIP, and lipidomics analyses.

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: ER Stress-Induced β-Cell Apoptosis is Linked to Novel Select Lipid Signaling at the Transcriptional Level: Implications in T1D Developmen t

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.02.708596

Figure Lengend Snippet: MIN6 β-cells were treated with C ytokines ± inhibitors as in , or PGs, as in , and processed for iPLA 2 β immunoblotting analyses. Representative blots and corresponding densitometries for CTK ± S -BEL (A), CTK ± FKGK18, CTK ± R -BEL, CTK ± S -BEL, and cytokines and PGs (E) are presented. Cumulate densitometries are presented in and .

Article Snippet: Cells were treated with DMSO or cytokines (50 U/ml IL-1β + 150 U/ml IFNγ) (401-ML and 485-MI; R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and processed for immunoblotting, TUNEL, ChIP, and lipidomics analyses.

Techniques: Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: ER Stress-Induced β-Cell Apoptosis is Linked to Novel Select Lipid Signaling at the Transcriptional Level: Implications in T1D Developmen t

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.02.708596

Figure Lengend Snippet: Human islets (3500-5000/condition) from healthy donors were treated with cytokines (100 U/ml IL-1β + 300 U/ml IFNγ for 2h ( A, B ) or a PGs cocktail ( C ) as in for 4h. The islets were then processed for ChIP analyses using antibodies directed against p65-NFκB or iPLA 2 β and subsequent qPCR analyses. D . Human islets (250/condition) from healthy donors were treated with cytokines (100 U/ml IL-1β + 300 U/ml IFNγ or a PGs cocktail for 24h and processed for TUNEL analyses. Data are mean ± SEMs of %apoptotic cells, relative to total cells. ( a,b Significantly different from DMSO group, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.004, respectively.)

Article Snippet: Cells were treated with DMSO or cytokines (50 U/ml IL-1β + 150 U/ml IFNγ) (401-ML and 485-MI; R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and processed for immunoblotting, TUNEL, ChIP, and lipidomics analyses.

Techniques: TUNEL Assay